Number and Apllication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Number and Apllication - Essay Example For class 02/03, the mean of 48.5 means that most of the scores falls somewhere near 48.5. Lastly, for Data Set 3, the median was measured. Both of the classes had a median of 3. This means that the rating of 3 is the middle score when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest or vice versa. Range was the measure of variability for Data Set 1. Since both classes had a highest mark of 5 and a lowest mark of 1, they had the same value for the range. This means that the jobs that the students in the classes being studied took jobs that range from those signified by 1 until 5. For Data Set 2, the standard deviation was measured. For class 01/02, this was calculated to be 20.85 while for class 02/03, it was 21.17. Since Class 01/02 has a smaller S.D. than Class 02/03, this means that there is more variation in scores for the latter. Although both classes had scores that were very distinct, the lesser S.D. signifies less variation. In Data Set 3, the semi-inter quartile was measured. The results of the measure mean that the values of Class 01/02 are from the X-axis than those of Class 02/03. The value of the SIQ refers to half the range, between Q1 and Q3. The pie graphs for data set 1 makes evident that in class 01/02, there is no individual who took up a pre-university or summer job as a skilled or semi-skilled worker. ... The value of the SIQ refers to half the range, between Q1 and Q3. III.A. Charts Data Set 1 Data Set 2 Data Set 3 III.B. Interpretation The pie graphs for data set 1 makes evident that in class 01/02, there is no individual who took up a pre-university or summer job as a skilled or semi-skilled worker. It also shows that majority of the class worked as manual workers. For class 02/03, the pie chart shows that there is no occupation that may be considered as the majority since each of the 5 occupations receive almost the same share. For data set two, the line graphs show how the modular ratings of the students in each class progress. Although there is not particular ranking, the histogram shows that in both classes, there are sharp increases or decreases in the ratings of the students. This maybe related to the high S.D. that was computed for both classes. Lastly, the bar graphs for data set 3 reveal which evaluation rating has the highest frequency. It is evident in both classes that the rating of 3 is the most common rating that students give to the learning they have acquired in the module. Also, the graph for class 02/03 almost demonstrates a bell-shape curve or what we know as a normal distribution. III.C. Standard Error S.E. for class 01/02 = 1.220655562 S.E. for class 02/03 = 0.9 Overall S.E =

What Is a Worldview Essay Example for Free

What Is a Worldview Essay What is a Worldview? I would look at it as a view of the world, but the real meaning of worldview is it being a word that ecompasses a great deal of meaning, emotions, and potential consequences. In review a worldview is a persons philosiphy in life, a framework a person brings to decision-making, and a filter or lens which a person uses to interpret life and the world around them. Part II The question of Origin: How did life begin and how did mankind come into existece. The bible says In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth Genesis 1:1. Also Moses, the writer of Geesis under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit; 2 Peter 1:21, identifies God as the first cause. The Psalmist, David declares that God is his creater (Psalm 139:13-16) The question of Identity: What does it mean to be a human? Are humans more important than animals? Psalms 8:5 and Genesis 2:15; Male and female were both created in the image of God and were given the responsibility to rule over the animals and to be their caretakers. Although the earth and animals are not to be worshipped, mankind is responsible to take care of Gods creation. The question of Meaning/Purpose: Why does mankind exist? Deuteronomy 11:13; Leviticus 19:18. Why do I exist? Man is to love the Lord and serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul and to love your neighbor as yourself: I am the Lord. The question of Morality: What is meant by right and wrong? How should I live? Genesis 3; Exodus 20:6 As a result, mankind is in need of redemption. How this happens then differs between Judaism and Christianity. In Judaism, man is in a right relationship with God through good works. The question of Destiny: Is there life after death? What will happen to me when I die? Revelation 21:1-7; Revelation 20:11-15. Heaven and Hell are both literal places where people exist eternally either in the presence and blessings of God in Heaven or in a state of separation from God, being punished in Hell. The choice of receiving Christ as ones Savior or not making that choice while on this earth determines a persons eternal state. Part III 1. I would think about, speak to, and treat others on a daily basis as I would have known them a lifetime. I would talk to them as if God was in the room with us. I would also try to let the person know that there is a God and as a worldview point that believing in him and that the Lord died for our sins is the only way to get to Heaven and that its not false and a true statement. 2. In picking my future career, God will always come first. I am going for my bachelors in psychology now and I am hoping to work with married couples or divorced. I will always try to pray to God before each session to get me through and to guide me in the right direction to help these couples out. All in all God will always be in my life and he will guide me in my career as well. Citation: The book Consider by Dr Lew Weider and Dr Ben Gutierrez

Essay --

Animal cruelty, also called animal abuse, is the human infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human animals, for purposes other than self-defense or survival. To me, animal cruelty is wrong and is a serious issue all around the world and must be stopped. Animal testing is a form of animal cruelty that if gone wrong is considered as animal cruelty. Animal testing can be considered good if the scientists don’t painfully harm the animals. The only animals that should be used for testing are mice, rats, and hamsters, not cats or dogs or other house pets. How can someone have the audacity to harm any animal? Animal testing is used for trialing new medicines, cosmetics, and injections to know they are safe for humans, but what scientists do to the animals in labs is gruesome. There are pros and cons of this debate, but mainly cons because who wants to put acid in a cute bunny’s eyes for no reason. Some pros are that, animal testing has contributes to many life-saving cures and treatments such as experimenters removed the pancreas from dogs which led to the discovery of insulin which sa... Essay -- Animal cruelty, also called animal abuse, is the human infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human animals, for purposes other than self-defense or survival. To me, animal cruelty is wrong and is a serious issue all around the world and must be stopped. Animal testing is a form of animal cruelty that if gone wrong is considered as animal cruelty. Animal testing can be considered good if the scientists don’t painfully harm the animals. The only animals that should be used for testing are mice, rats, and hamsters, not cats or dogs or other house pets. How can someone have the audacity to harm any animal? Animal testing is used for trialing new medicines, cosmetics, and injections to know they are safe for humans, but what scientists do to the animals in labs is gruesome. There are pros and cons of this debate, but mainly cons because who wants to put acid in a cute bunny’s eyes for no reason. Some pros are that, animal testing has contributes to many life-saving cures and treatments such as experimenters removed the pancreas from dogs which led to the discovery of insulin which sa...

Adapting materials

Adoption Concerns with whole course books. Adaptation Concerns the parts that make up that whole. A process of matching To maximize the appropriate of teaching materials In context. Evaluation for adapting materials An exercise to help to develop insights into different views of language and learning into the principle of materials design.Process of adaptation -Internal factors (what the material offers) Content Organization consistency Choice of topics Skills covered Proficiency level Grading of exercise External factors (what we have) Learner characteristics Physical environment Resources Class size Reasons for adapting Aim to make the materials more communicative and authentic Aspects of language use Skills Classroom organization Supplementary materials Principles and procedures -Adding, including expanding (qualitative) and extending (quantitative) Materials are supplemented by putting more into them.Extensions of an existing aspect of content and bringing a qualitative and quant itative change. Expanding adds methodology by moving outside It and impotent. Deleting or omitting Reducing the length of materials as subtracting from it. Small scale-over part of an exercise Large scale-whole unit of a course book Modifying An internal change in the approach or focus of an exercise.Rewriting modify linguistic content and make it more communicative relate activities more closely to learners' own backgrounds and interests introduce models of authentic language set more purposeful tasks Restructuring classroom management design interactive exercise based on number of students and size of class Simplifying One type of modification, a ‘rewriting' activity.Simplify instructions and explanation of exercises and activities and as well as layout of activities To make it becomes easier to be understood Simplification of content and the ways in which that content is presented This technique is mostly use for to reading passages to change various sentence-bound elements to match text more closely to the proficiency level of a particular group of learners. – One can simplify according to Sentence structure. Sentence length is reduced Complex sentence is rewritten as a number of simpler ones.Lexical content Number of new vocabulary items is controlled. Grammatical structures Passives are converted to actives. Reordering Adjusting the sequence of presentation within a unit. Taking units in a different sequence from that originally intended. Separating items of content from each other Regrouping them and putting them together Conclusion work more relevant to the learners. Reference McCullough, J. & Shaw, C. (2003). Materials and methods in LET. (2nd De. ). Australia: Backfill Publishing.

It is not only Hamlet who is ‘transformed’ Essay

â€Å"Something have you heard of Hamlet’s transformation† It is not only Hamlet who is ‘transformed’: the concepts of transformation and decay are at the centre of the play both for Shakespeare’s audience and for modern theatregoers. Discuss. The opening scene of Hamlet is one filled with nervousness and emotional tension. Shakespeare shows this through the language of his characters. Barnardo’s first line of â€Å"Who’s there† followed by Francisco’s reply of â€Å"Nay, answer me.† reveals to the audience the agitation of the sentinels. This unstable atmosphere continues throughout the scene and the audience find out that there is a threat from Fortinbras to attack Denmark and the old king has died. Certainty dissolves into rumour showing there is also dislocation in Denmark’s society â€Å"At least the whisper goes so† as the people are uncertain about what is going to happen. The play speaks of a â€Å"strange eruption† to the state and so it could be argued that Denmark has gone through a ‘transformation’ of political power and the state itself has changed. This is because Marcellus speaks of the ‘old’ Denmark and how â€Å"hallow’d and so gracious is that time† when the nights were â€Å"wholesome†. The ‘new’ Denmark, on the other hand, is a place where the dead are restless and the future of the country is uncertain. The theme of political instability was a significant factor for a 17th century audience who had experienced similar traumas. England had struggled to raise a navy to meet the Spanish Armada in 1588. Shakespeare’s Denmark is in a state in jeopardy- just as England was after the death of Elizabeth as the public awaited to see who would succeed the throne. Shakespeare’s first audience could see a scene of their own recent history- and an unsettling reminder of their uncertain future. Like the sentinels, an audience in the 1600s would feel uneasy and sense the dislocation of Denmark. A modern audience understands the instability in the opening scene, however, they would not necessarily be fully aware of its intenseness, as there are different attitudes towards kings and the transmission of power of one regime to the next today. Nevertheless, the opening scene has a dramatic impact on both audiences and although an audience in 1600 would relate to the ‘transformation’ of the state more than an audience in 2003, both audiences understand that â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. † The instability of the natural world affects the different audiences in different ways. The entrance of the Ghost had particular significance to Shakespeare’s audience; religion and the state were intertwined; ghosts walked the earth and their return signified unfinished business, a threat to the state or buried treasure. In this case, the ghost is seen wearing armour showing that evil must have occurred which harmed the former king: â€Å"My father’s spirit – in arms! All is not well. I doubt some foul play. † The arrival of the Ghost establishes the break between this world and the next, the natural and the supernatural. This adds to the idea of ‘transformation’ of Denmark that has gone from a place of natural stability into a state of constant turmoil where the supernatural and natural are combined. There is a greater dramatic impact on Shakespeare’s audience when the Ghost arrives because they believed in the supernatural world and therefore would understand this unstableness in the state. Modern audiences, however, would not be fully aware of how significant the arrival of the Ghost is in the play. More people today do not believe in such things as ghosts and the supernatural realm. However, modern audiences would sense that there has been a ‘transformation’ in the natural order of Denmark, the reasons for this change such as political and moral instability would affect the audience more than the supernatural aspect of the play. Moral issues in Hamlet add to the idea that the state has been ‘transformed’. Both audiences would have been shocked to discover the marriage between Claudius and Gertrude having found out that Claudius is the dead king’s brother. Shakespeare shows us disgust through the language of his characters. Hamlet’s line of: â€Å"O most wicked speed! To post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! † has hissing sibilants that truly show the disgust of the prince and therefore the audience. Shakespeare also emphasises Hamlet’s repulsion repeatedly with vivid sexual imageries, † In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed†¦ † furthermore increasing our disgust of incest between the â€Å"Bloat King† and his queen. Some among Hamlet’s first audience would recognise this marriage as a parallel to English history. Claudius kills a king and assumes his throne. Henry VII killed King Richard III at Bosworth and founded a Tudor dynasty on a flawed pedigree. Claudius marries Gertrude his late brother’s wife as Henry VIII married his brother’s widow, Katharine of Aragon. Shakespeare’s audience knew how England had suffered because of the immoral involvement between the royals, such as incest and murder, so they could predict that Denmark will suffer because of its king as England did. By relating his play to parts of recent history, Shakespeare relies on his audience to supply the details of what is to come.

Essay on Automated Bleeding of Chickens

Essay on Automated Bleeding of Chickens Essay on Automated Bleeding of Chickens Title Level Credit value Protect broilers/chickens in automated bleeding operations 2 Provisional 2 Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1.1 1.2 Check that routine maintenance and cleaning of the bleeding system are carried out Check and adjust the automatic neck cutter system including ï‚ · bleed time ï‚ · speed ï‚ · cutting height ï‚ · pitch Monitor birds to ensure that the automatic neck cutter system severs the arteries and that there are no signs of recovery Take action to deal with birds that show signs of recovery Follow FBO’s procedures to commence operations operate the system and deal with birds that are not bled effectively. State the responsibilities that must be fulfilled under animal welfare regulations for the bleeding of birds State the behavioural characteristics of birds in bleeding operations Outline why it is important to minimise avoidable pain, suffering and stress State how to recognise signs of ï‚ · consciousness ï‚ · sensibility ï‚ · effective killing Stat e how bleeding kills the bird, and which arteries must be severed State why bleeding should produce a rapid loss of blood and what should be done if this does not happen Describe how to carry out a back-up killing Learning Outcomes The learner will: 1. Prepare and operate automated operations and monitor bird protection in accordance with Food Business Operator’s (FBO’s) procedures 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. Understand how to protect birds in automated bleeding operations in accordance with FBO’s procedures 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Unit of Assessment in Animal Protec tion for Food Operations  © I mprove 3rd Draft June 2011 method and the circumstances in which this would be necessary 2.8 Outline the FBO’s procedures for protecting birds and operating the automated bleeding system. Additional information about the unit Unit purpose and aim(s) This unit supports workforce development for those whose role includes responsibilities for the protection of broilers/chickens in automated bleeding operations. The unit is designed for use by operatives and others who carry out these workplace activities. The aim of the unit is to determine competent performance to recognised National Occupational Standards. This unit meets the requirements of EU regulation 1099/2009 for the protection of animals at time of killing. Five years from date of accreditation This unit of assessment relates directly to Improve National Occupational Standards; MP.112S Operate a poultry bleeding system MP.113K Understand how to operate a poultry bleeding system This unit is designed to assess the skills and knowledge of learners in the workplace for those whose role includes responsibilities for the protection of broilers/chickens in automated bleeding operations. The learner must be able to dem onstrate their competent

Advertising, The Good With The Bad Essays - Advertising, Free Essays

Advertising, The Good With The Bad Essays - Advertising, Free Essays Advertising, The Good With The Bad Mass Communication Process Thesis Paper Advertising (Chapter 11) Advertising is a necessary market force that is responsible for the success of most, and involved in all, forms of Multimedia. It is also responsible for some of our most powerful and long-living icons that dominate the American landscape. Advertising, like it or not, is everywhere. It is on buses, billboards and hot-air balloons. It invades our living rooms, our classrooms and almost every aspect of human life. The average American is exposed to 115 advertisements during their morning commute. With this much exposure to the consumer market, one wonders weather or not this is good or bad for the population at large. Not surprisingly, professionals have disputed advertisings effect across the globe. In this paper I do not want to look at the effects of advertising as much as the techniques in which the advertisers choose to convey their message. I intend to argue and support that the several techniques used by advertisers are underhanded and, in some cases, downright unethical. Advertisers use several different techniques for selling products. One can analyze these as persuasive techniques. This first point summarizes the oldest and most conventional persuasive techniques Most are considered perfectly ethical at first glance, but when you examine them further, things are not always as they appear. Two of these techniques include the plain-folks pitch, and snob appeal. These two techniques are used quite often. Both hope to attract your attention by getting you to establish a need for the products. In the Plain-folks pitch, advertisers try to make things appear much simpler than they are. An example of a typical Plain-folks pitch is Toyotas current pitch, Everyday; as in everyday people drive Toyota cars. The Snob approach, on the other hand tries to make you believe that upon the purchase of their product you will be accepted into the elitist society in which you always aspired to be a part of. These advertisements are used when advertising most luxury item s. Another approach is the Bandwagon effect. This approach preys on the keeping up with the Jones fear that most people possess. It also relates to the feeling that if it is good enough for the majority of my peers, it must be good enough for me. Finally, and perhaps the most unethical technique is the hidden fear approach. This technique preys on peoples fear to sell a product. It is most abused by the low involvement products. Deodorant, toothpaste, shampoo and other products that are easily substituted for by their competitors are extremely guilty for this type of advertising. A Deodorant commercial even went far enough to say if you did not use their product, you would be banished by society and forced to live the remainder of your life as a hermit. These hidden approaches are considered to be unethical by most experts in the field. These techniques incite irrational fears in people. The hidden fear approach still it remains as one of the most successful advertising techniques u sed. Another way in which one can examine advertising techniques is through the Association Principle. The Association Principle is summarized by Campbell as the association of a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have very little connection to the actual product. (Campbell 361) This is also a reason that people are distrustful toward advertisers. Using this principal in advertising is just another way in which people are tricked into believing that a product is something that it is not. Cigarettes, when sold in Newport advertisements, are associated with people who have bright white smiles, who are thin, and who are having the most amazing time. When in reality, smokers have a forty percent better chance of being depressed, ninety-five percent of smokers are over weight, and everybody knows that a smoking turns teeth yellow. This is just a small example of the association principle, but you can clearly see how it works. In another example de monstrated in Campbell, The Gallo Wine Company advertised an entire line of wines featuring two older entrepreneurs as the owners of the Bartley & Jaymes Company. This company was a total fabrication that the Gallo

How to Share Your Marketing Calendar With Read-Only Views

How to Share Your Marketing Calendar With Read-Only Views Keeping the right people in the know AND still maintain control over your marketing calendar can be a real challenge. We hear you! That is why we want to tell you all about our new Read-Only View from ! Read-Only View allow you to create custom views of your calendar and give your team or clients only the details they need. Additionally, this new feature eliminates any need to pay for additional users or worry about  accidental deletions or changes in your calendar. Watch the demo below to learn how Read-Only View works! Watch this: How To Easily Share Your Marketing Calendar With Read-Only View In this demo, learn how to: Keep higher-ups â€Å"in the know† sans static screenshots (or other weird workarounds). With Read-Only View, you can create custom views of your calendar that are interactive, update in real-time, AND give your team the details they need (nothing more, nothing less). And eliminate unwanted edits to your projects!  When you share a Read-Only View with someone outside your calendar, they can only look at your projects †¦no edits, finger flubs, accidental deletions, or moving around your carefully planned marketing campaigns allowed. Want more information? Check out our Help Doc on  Share Read-Only Views.

Helen Gurley Brown and Second Wave Feminism Essay

Helen Gurley Brown and Second Wave Feminism - Essay Example The second wave feminism battled against domestic violence, giving proposals on the establishment of marital rape laws, divorce laws and establishing shelters for battered women. As put by Scanlon, it was a movement of obsession with â€Å"women’s professional opportunities† and â€Å"about their dating prospects† (2009, x). It is believed to have ended in the early 1980s, paving way for third-wave feminism. The work and life of Helen Gurley Brown was observed as being impertinent and daring. It entailed a celebration of feminism and the sexual practices that women enjoyed, thus giving an appropriate understanding of the second wave movement and further providing a vantage point to view the third wave feminism. Born in 1922 in Green Forest, Arkansas, Brown never noticed as she inherited some aspects of her young life and traditions (Scanlon 2009, 1). Her father died when she was young, something that caused her mother a lot of bitterness, claiming that the husban d had enslaved her through motherhood and marriage and later left her alone even after she had quit her job to undertake these responsibilities. The realization of her mother’s feelings opened up Brown to feminism (Scanlon 2009, 11). She grew up to author an international best-seller in 1962 titled, Sex and the Single Girl. Additionally, she became the editor of Cosmopolitan magazine for over thirty years, giving her audience articles such as â€Å"if you're not a sex object, you're in trouble† and â€Å"good girls go to heaven, bad girls go everywhere† that brought out her feminist ideologies. Even so, Brown faced criticisms from various second wave feminists with regard to the messages carried in her books and the Cosmopolitan. First, Brown was criticized of focusing on her individuality as opposed to the group identity of the body of women. Having come from a background of no education and poverty, Brown worked herself up the economic ladder and secured herse lf employment. She did not allow herself to be held back by structural barriers which she fought against on her way up from a secretary to a copywriter and further to a popular magazine editor (Scanlon 2009, 25). She did not prescribe to overthrowing systems but working towards change. This saw her succeed in her career at Cosmopolitan, earning her a loyal movement of women who prescribed to her philosophies. The women and men equality that Brown prescribed to differed from what other feminists taught. Brown believed that the equality of women to men was in the sexual desire of women. She further alluded to their right to be sexual whether outside or inside marriage. In Cosmopolitan, Brown wrote articles promoting not just economic access equality but also sexual freedom equality. She was an ardent supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, ERA alongside her support for rights to abortion (Scanlon 2009, 256). The second-wave feminists considered men in the then patriarchal society as enemies because they limited opportunities for women. These men took advantage of the caring and nurturing nature of women to confine them to motherhood, denying them their chances in the professional world. These feminists perceived marriage and children as tools used by men to oppress women. On the contrary, Brown did not consider men as enemies, choosing to perceive women as being equal to men in all aspects including their ability to abuse power and playing the games men play in dating. She was therefore criticized of having been absorbed into a system that was oppressive to women. However, Brown argued that she was being a realist and appreciated that if men made rules, then women should have

How might the ideas of classical realists have been evident in the Essay

How might the ideas of classical realists have been evident in the design in the design of the United Nations,when compared to the predecessor,the League of Nations - Essay Example They view international institutions as powerful states, availing themselves to further state powers and egoistic self-interest. On the other hand, neo-realists scholars adapt similar perspectives on the issues relating to international institutions or regimes. For instance, Stephen Krasner explains the United State’s decision in creating multilateral institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank to help regulate classical realists’ decisions (Christine, 2009, p. 61). The United Nations prevents classical realists from relying entirely on unilateralism as one of the strategies to confer legitimacy. Additionally, United Nations strengthens the United States post war supremacy. Self-interest of powerful state may be in harmony with interests of other state. The power given to states makes other states to endorse international institutions despite generative joint cooperative benefits. Christine argues that, this leads to Pareto sub-optimal results in the stat es (Christine, 2009, p. 61). On the other hand, the League of Nations is an essential element in the teaching of international law and relations. Greater attention is paid on the teachings of Nations since the beginning and the end of world wars. Growing numbers of universities in Great Britain, America and the continent at large, are in need of studies relating to League of Nations (Charles, 2003, p. 17). More nations promote the study of Leagues in a wide scope to serve as textbooks. Besides, there is growing intelligence on the opinions of Nations Leagues. Majority of states wants elementary descriptions of Nations in a chronological records and achievements about the virtues of Nations. Classical realists and the League of Nations both tend to protect the developments in international law and institutions. The need of having powerful laws within a nation help to protect the nations states of politics and bring major developments in the ways of

Events Management Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Events Management Law - Essay Example ........................10 Reference.............................................,11 Executive Summary The Cliffhanger Festival is an annual event that includes games and other outdoor events. The primary organiser of the event, Heason Events has some legal obligations that must be attained for a successful event to be organised. The main legal requirements are health and safety matters and licensing. The legal requirement for health and safety is rooted in the concept of negligence and the duty of care for the organisation of public events like this festival. This duty of care is supported by common law and civil law in the UK as well as European Union Laws. It puts the organisers in a position where they need to identify their duty to the participants in terms of health and safety and also put in place measures to ensure that this is honoured. The licenses required are spelt out in the Licensing Act of 2003. The necessary licenses required by Heason Events include licences to use p remises, to sell alcohol, copyright permissions for music as well as trademark permission. It is recommended that Heason Events puts in place a good risk management team that will analyse the health and safety risks involved at each stage of the event. They should set up a first aid centre and insure those that cannot be handled. Participants should be given conspicuous notices on health and safety tips. The team should monitor risks regularly. Also, Heason must put in place practical steps to ensure that all partners and exhibitors have complied with all necessary licensing requirements. This should be monitored before and during the event to prevent abuses. Introduction This paper examines the legal matters relevant to the organisation of Cliffhanger 2011, the UK’s largest outdoor event that is expected to draw about 20,000 visitors to Sheffield this year (Cliffhanger Official Website). It is aimed at inspiring and encouraging people to exercise and indulge in outdoor event s that will promote socialisation and entertainment. There are several legal issues that the organisers of the event need to be aware of and make necessary action to ensure that they are controlled to ensure that the event goes on and ends without issues and problems to the organisers. Key amongst these issues is the issue of health and safety as well as licensing. This paper critically examines the legal basis of these two main issues. This is followed by an evaluation of how these issues affect the organisation of Cliffhanger 2011. The paper concludes with recommendations on how the organisers of Cliffhanger 2011 can control these issues and ensure that they do not mar the event. Event Context The Cliffhanger festival is a major outdoor event that aims at attracting people from all over the world to come and join in the fun of its outdoor games and exhibitions. Cliffhanger is an annual event that is rotated across the UK and this year, it is being held in Sheffield between July 2n d and 4th. The festival is organised by Heason Events, Sheffield City Council and Events Sheffield. Heason events is the primary event organiser. The partners include BKSA, British Military, International Federation of Sporting Councils (IFSC), Jury’s Inn, Millhouse Works, Real Radio and SYO. Sponsors include Decathlon, Climbin Works, Yorkshire Hotels and Hammer design. Music and camping services are rendered in partnership with Alpkit UK. The festival will be opened to members of the public and it primarily targets families. It will involve a series of outdoor events

Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of

Chapter 1 of on building level principals' knowledge of special education law - Dissertation Example blame on the principals, it is, however, important to make sure that the authorities charged with such crucial decisions possess ample knowledge on the legal aspects of special education. Moreover, sound decisions in this regard can only be arrived at when the decision-maker is familiar with the pertinent laws on special education and has formal or any comparable educational background on special education law. A state-wide study, in this regard, will serve as an essential step towards a better understanding of school administrator’s level of proficiency in special education law. Such study will also shed light as to what interventions may be designed and implemented to see to it that the needs of students with disability can be better served, vis a vis the regular students, en route to the optimization of the academic potentials of both types of students. Background of the Study Historically, students with disabilities have not always been guaranteed access to education (Chur ch and Glaaser, 2010; Ebersold, 2011; Flexer, Baer, Luft & Simmons, 2008; Wearmouth, Glynn & Berryman, 2005). The 19th century saw the beginnings of public support for free public education through the passing of compulsory laws on education which allowed representation of both genders, different ages, socio-economic status, and cultural background. One of the most popular legal battles fought for equality in education was Brown v. Board of Education (of Topeka) where Oliver Brown challenged and conquered racial segregations in American schools in 1954 (Miller, 2004). Yet, until the middle of the 1970s, individuals with disabilities did not benefit from the so-called free education. In 1972, a court ruling in Parc v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had to decide that children suffering from... The main purpose of the ‘Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of special education law’ is to evaluate the level of proficiency of building level administrators in Pennsylvania of special education laws and look at possible factors which facilitate or deter their decision making on special education issues by way of a mixed methods design. An investigation of factors facilitating and hindering decision making will entail a profound analysis of the type and level of the administrators’ background in special education law; experience and confidence level in handling special education issues; and proficiency of basic special education law in terms of their perceptions on selected cases. The proposed study will adopt the input-process-output model as its theoretical framework grounded on Anderson and Arsenault who recognizes this paradigm for its simplicity simple and wide applicability to education research. In this study, inputs include: (1) the perceptions of building level administrators on selected issues covered in relevant special education laws in Pennsylvania; (2) information on the type and level of special education background among building level administrators; (3) self-reported experience of the building level administrators in handling special education issues in school; (4) self-reported confidence level of the building level administrators when handling special education cases; and (5) areas of greatest concern in special education law as self-reported by building level administrators in their disposition on relevant issues in school.

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being Essay

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being - Essay Example Naturally, this procedure of birth requires a large accumulation of water like a pool or a tub, which can be utilized as an effective receptive medium of labor (Cluett, Burns, 2011, p.2). Water birth represents a unique way of giving birth and marks a departure from the traditional labor procedure. People have been curious to know the effectiveness and success of this new process. For this purpose, there have been numerous studies and researches undertaken to find out the effects of water birth on the pregnant women and also on the newborn infants. For expectant mothers, giving birth in water is considered to a much more gentle process than the conventional labor method lying on a bed. Studies have shown that water birth enhances maternal relaxation, decreases the analgesia requirements and encourages the women to easily adopt a model of care for their newborns. However, the benefits of the water birth process on neonatal health have not yet been so emphatically established. There is still a lot of discussion and research being undertaken on the impact of water birth on the health of the babies born by this method. This literature review has attempted to examine the information available on this topic. Women from across the world often opt for water birth as this eases the process of labor. However, they should also be made aware of the impacts on this method on the health condition of the new born infants. This would help expectant mothers to make an informed decision regarding a suitable procedure of giving birth. The findings of the different reviews are expected to provide conclusive results on the relevant subject. The existing research work will be examined and evaluated to find out whether there exist valid inferences which can help expecting women to make a prudent decision regarding their own health and that of their newborn children. (Ros, 2009, p.36) The

Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of

Chapter 1 of on building level principals' knowledge of special education law - Dissertation Example blame on the principals, it is, however, important to make sure that the authorities charged with such crucial decisions possess ample knowledge on the legal aspects of special education. Moreover, sound decisions in this regard can only be arrived at when the decision-maker is familiar with the pertinent laws on special education and has formal or any comparable educational background on special education law. A state-wide study, in this regard, will serve as an essential step towards a better understanding of school administrator’s level of proficiency in special education law. Such study will also shed light as to what interventions may be designed and implemented to see to it that the needs of students with disability can be better served, vis a vis the regular students, en route to the optimization of the academic potentials of both types of students. Background of the Study Historically, students with disabilities have not always been guaranteed access to education (Chur ch and Glaaser, 2010; Ebersold, 2011; Flexer, Baer, Luft & Simmons, 2008; Wearmouth, Glynn & Berryman, 2005). The 19th century saw the beginnings of public support for free public education through the passing of compulsory laws on education which allowed representation of both genders, different ages, socio-economic status, and cultural background. One of the most popular legal battles fought for equality in education was Brown v. Board of Education (of Topeka) where Oliver Brown challenged and conquered racial segregations in American schools in 1954 (Miller, 2004). Yet, until the middle of the 1970s, individuals with disabilities did not benefit from the so-called free education. In 1972, a court ruling in Parc v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had to decide that children suffering from... The main purpose of the ‘Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of special education law’ is to evaluate the level of proficiency of building level administrators in Pennsylvania of special education laws and look at possible factors which facilitate or deter their decision making on special education issues by way of a mixed methods design. An investigation of factors facilitating and hindering decision making will entail a profound analysis of the type and level of the administrators’ background in special education law; experience and confidence level in handling special education issues; and proficiency of basic special education law in terms of their perceptions on selected cases. The proposed study will adopt the input-process-output model as its theoretical framework grounded on Anderson and Arsenault who recognizes this paradigm for its simplicity simple and wide applicability to education research. In this study, inputs include: (1) the perceptions of building level administrators on selected issues covered in relevant special education laws in Pennsylvania; (2) information on the type and level of special education background among building level administrators; (3) self-reported experience of the building level administrators in handling special education issues in school; (4) self-reported confidence level of the building level administrators when handling special education cases; and (5) areas of greatest concern in special education law as self-reported by building level administrators in their disposition on relevant issues in school.

Critically assess the costs versus benefits of a staging a global Essay

Critically assess the costs versus benefits of a staging a global sporting event (London) - Essay Example loping countries have increased their budgetary allocation to cater for the construction of the facilities with an aim of staging the global sporting events in future. Apart from the benefits that are associated with the international sports, the events brought about high costs that the hosting countries must incur in order for the sports to be successful (Kamper and Mallon, 1992). Some of the major costs are incurred in the process of providing security, construction of stadiums and infrastructure, construction of hotels and restaurants as well as during advertising and promotion of the events. This paper aims at accessing the costs versus benefits of staging the 2012 London Olympic Games, one of the global sporting events that were held in the city of London. London is the largest city in United Kingdom. Being one of the most populous areas and the capital city of UK, London strength is based on expansive commercial activities, entertainment, health care, professional services, well developed tourism sector and developed infrastructure among other services. With a population of approximately 8.3 million people, London City has the largest airport system by considering passengers traffic. This is based on the large number of visitors who go the UK either for business activities, sporting or learning. Being one of the cities with the largest GDP, the city of London is a home to various ethnic groups (Coates, 1998). Some of the key ethnic groups that are found in the city include the White British, Irish, Asians, Indians, Chinese, Arabs and Pakistanis. Based on the peaceful coexistence of the various ethnic groups within the city, Ackroyd (2001) argues that the region has been one of the favourite places for holding an international sportin g event. Approximately 20% of the UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated by London. With more than $670Â  billion being generated by the London metropolitan area, the city has significantly contributed to the development

The different views of London presented by the two poets Essay Example for Free

The different views of London presented by the two poets Essay Compare the different views of London presented by the two poets. Refer closely to the text in your answer. The poems London by William Blake and A View From Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth were both written around the turn of the 19th century. Both describe London in very different ways, highlighting the aspects of Londons alter ego. Blakes poem is a scathing attack on both the city and its inhabitants. In contrast, Wordsworths poem reflects the aesthetical value of the scene. The craft employed by the poets helps to reflect the difference in tone between the two poems. In Blakes poem, London is brutally painted as a dark, dirty, disease ridden and deprived place. He does this by describing the people who live in this hapless city and the mind forged manacles that bind the people to their lives of misery. Wordsworths poem describes a scene in the early morning of the view from Westminster bridge .It uses grandiose imagery to describe the beautiful majesty of the city and praises both nature and mans achievements, and how they can co-exist harmoniously the beauty of the morning; silent, bare, /ships, towers, domes, theatres. This is very different from Blakes poem which talks of the people, like the chimney sweepers cry and the hapless soldiers sigh. As Blake wanders thro each chartered street hes seeing these people and acknowledging their sadness. The purpose of Blakes poem is to outline the hardships and low standard of living within London. Blake calls the streets chartered, Chartered can be interpreted to mean responsibility of the church or state or licensed; on the other hand it can be use to mean licentious and freely immoral. Taken in context with the rest of the poem I consider it to mean freely immoral. Blake shows an obvious disgust for the city and its people. He sees in the people marks of weakness, marks of woe clearly showing that the people are living poor lives in squander. On the other hand, Wordsworths poem is an exaggerated tribute to the beauty of London. He says the city like a garment doth wear the beauty of the morning. Wordsworth is touched by the scene and is moved to write this poem describing the deep sense of calm and awe evoked in him. He wants to infect his readers with this feeling. Wordsworths poem immediately sets out how the author feels in the first line saying Dull would he be of soul who could pass by, a sight so touching in its majesty. Inferring that the sight of London would evoke strong views in everyone who sees it as it clearly does in Wordsworth. Wordsworths poem is made more charged in the penultimate line where he says Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; He is so overwhelmed by the tranquillity of London that he feels the need to invoke gods name. In contrast nowhere in the Blake poem does he use direct speech to heighten any of the emotions. Wordsworths poem uses words like glideth and smokeless air to give a sense of calm tranquillity to his words. This makes me feel peaceful and almost sleepy as the words flow along in an almost dreamlike fashion. William Blakes poem conveys his feelings in a more abstract style, when he uses the people of London to represent the institutions, which they are associated with. He says the hapless soldiers sigh runs in blood down palace walls. Here he is criticising the monarchy and government for condemning young men to death by sending them off to fight in foreign wars. It is obvious from words such as woe and appals that Blake is disgusted with what he sees in London. The reader would undoubtedly feel great pity for the people of London at this time. The poets use different symbolism to convey their ideas to the reader. Wordsworth shows his feelings for London in a figurative way. He personifies the sun, river and the city. He continues this simile giving the river a will. He says The City now doth like a garment wear the beauty of the morning this gives the impression that the city is alive and therefore more exciting and wonderful instead of it being an inanimate collection of buildings. Wordsworths sonnet is written in regular iambic pentameter which emphasises the rhyme and thus the beauty of London. Wordsworth also uses lists, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, so that it seems that he is so overwhelmed by the amount of beauty he cannot get his words out fast enough. He also uses hyperbole in saying, Never did sun more beautifully steep. Wordsworth cannot know this so he uses exaggeration to heighten the tone and impact. William Blakes London is written in four, four line stanzas. Each line of each verse has the same number of syllables; this creates a regimented effect that orders the poem well whilst accentuating the depressing tone of the poem. Without using over exaggerated language the poet reflects his own disgust at the scene. It uses alternate line rhyming . street flow . meet woe which makes the poem sound regular and draws the readers attention to the last word of each line creating a bigger impact. Blake also uses repetition to begin three lines with, In every.. This drums the message home for the reader, which coupled with the violent vocabulary, blood, creates a bigger impact. Each verse of the Blake poem attacks a different aspect of London so although the tone does not change the focus of the attack does and the reader is struck with more evidence of the appalling state of London. In the last verse of the Blake poem there is the image of sexually transmitted disease, which is a symbol of their society. It describes the youthful harlots curse blasting the newborn infant. This is showing that sexually transmitted disease affects everyone because the young are born into this promiscuous society. The last line uses the image of a marriage hearse being blighted by plagues. This image in my opinion is the sexually transmitted disease. Both poems show very different feelings towards London. You would have to compare them to other texts of the time to see which is more accurate though I believe it is Blakes poem. If I had to pick which I preferred I would choose the Blake poem. Wordsworths poem is indeed very beautiful and profound in its testament towards the beauty of London in the early morning. But Blakes poem has a deeper meaning as with the imagery of the sexually transmitted disease. It also describes London from the eyes of its people whereas Wordsworths poem only speaks of the beauty of the morning and no people are mentioned anywhere. So where Wordsworth is perhaps looking at the scenery with rose-tinted spectacles or hankering after a by-gone age, Blake depicts the reality of the newly industrialised London and all its woes. I believe this is the main defining difference between the poems and that this contrast makes it very difficult to rate one above the other as their strengths lie in different places.

Blood And Human Sacrifice For Mesoamerican Indians Theology Religion Essay

Blood And Human Sacrifice For Mesoamerican Indians Theology Religion Essay While it may not have always been clear why blood was a necessity for humans to survive, it was always worshiped unlike anything else. Practically every tribe and civilization throughout Mesoamerican history has participated in some sort of blood or human sacrifice. Even though each group of people may have had very different beliefs and even different rituals, blood was central part in many ceremonies. Nevertheless, the extent to which blood had been used was extremely different. While some civilizations sacrificed thousands of humans, some only participated in animals sacrifices, and others had no sacrifices at all. Blood ceremonies happened for a number of various reasons, anything from a coming of age, to the induction of a new king, to the construction of a new temple. Most often sacrifices were made to appease the gods, as a sign of piety and could be performed by anyone from a lowly servant to a king. While the Aztec, the Maya, and the Kuna were all very different people livin g at different times in Mesoamerica with entirely different ceremonies and beliefs, all used blood as an integral part in many of their rituals. The Aztecs, also known as the Mexicas, were a group of culturally united people that mostly spoke Nahuatl and lived and ruled in Central Mexico during the fourteen to sixteenth centuries. They ruled from a large city called Tenochtitlan, which is now the present-day location of Mexico City. Out of all of the Mesoamerican civilizations, the Aztecs had the most prolific blood rituals and human sacrifices. They especially thought it was important to sacrifice humans, at least once a month so that they could appease the gods and bring good luck to their land. However, researchers have found that human sacrifices in the Aztec empire were done much more often than once a month. Even many of the Aztec myths surround human sacrifice. The Legend of the Five Suns attempts to explain the formation of all of the gods and why there is a need for human sacrifices all in a single story. It begins with the god Ometeotl creating four sons who would be the four cardinal directions and who would also c reate all other gods that the Aztecs worshipped. These four gods created people and when they did they had to create a god that would serve as the sun as well. Unfortunately the gods that would be created for the sun were not be perfect and kept fighting and the sun god kept changing which kept killing all of the people on earth. Finally Quetzalcoatl decided that he would not let the people that he created be destroyed so he went to the underworld to steal their bones and resurrect them. At the same time created for them a new sun called Huitzilopochtli. This is the sun that the Aztecs believed was in the sky over their heads. They also thought that every time it turned dark Coyolxauhqui, the goddess of the moon, and the stars were fighting with Huitzilopochtli to try to take his spot. In Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Aztec Empire Jose Luis de Rojas emphasizes the conclusion of the myth: The myth dramatizes the triumph of the sun over the moon and the stars when it rises each day (pg . 16). Additionally, the human sacrifices performed by the Aztecs were supposed to help give Huitzilopochtli the strength to fight back and to rise again each morning. In The Aztecs: New Perspectives Dirk R. Van Turenhout explains the importance of sacrifices: The Aztecs shared with other Mesoamerican peoples the belief that sacrifice to gods was necessary to ensure the continued existence of the universe (pg 188). Without human sacrifices there could be no life sustained on earth. Even the founding of Tenochtitlan is a legend based on the human sacrifice of a princess. It is said that when the Mexica, or the Aztecs, first came to Central Mexico they were forced to settle in Chapultepec, a region with very poor resources and living conditions. Here they fell under the rule of another city called Culhuacan whose rulers were said to be descendants of the Toltecs. After the Mexica city helped Culhuacan defeat an enemy the King of Culhuacan gave away his daughter for marriage to one the Mexica leaders. Unfortunately when he arrived for the marriage ceremony to Chapultepec, to his disbelief he saw one of the Mexica priests wearing his daughters skin over his head. Upon being questioned the priest explained that their god, Huitzilopochtli asked for them to sacrifice the princess. Outraged the King forced all of the Mexica off of the land. They wandered aimlessly for weeks searching for a place to settle when Huitzilopochtli came down from the heavens and told them to settle down when they see an eagle perched on a cactus killing a snake. They came across this scene in the middle of a marshland and there founded their soon to be great capital of Tenochtitlan. Just like this one many of the Aztec myths are based on human sacrifice, or at least have human sacrifice, demonstrating how important of a ritual it was in their lives. For the Aztecs most of the human sacrifices were performed by a set of five or six priests. The victim would be dragged up the stairs to the top of the temple where a few of the priests would hold him down on a stone slab and one priest would make an incision in the victims abdomen with a flint knife. He would then reach in and quickly pull out the still beating heart for all to see. The heart would then be placed in a bowl which would be offered to the gods and the body would be pushed down the stairs. Meanwhile all of the spectators were expected to perform some sort of bloodletting ritual themselves. While this was the most standard form of human sacrifice each god had a specific sacrificial ritual that had to have been followed. In the Handbook to Life in the Aztec World Manuel Aguilar-Moreno describes the different human sacrifice rituals of the Aztecs: Types of sacrifices included extraction of the heart, decapitation, dismemberment, drowning, or piercing by arrows, to name some examples. Instruments of choice included, but were not limited to, a techcatl, which was a sacrificial stone; a cuaubxicalli, a container to hold hearts; a teepatl (flint knife), which was used to stab the subject (pg. 154). The Aztecs used the most elaborate ways they could think of to kill their victims in order to show their obedience and respect to the gods. The Aztecs performed the most gruesome and grotesque human sacrifice rituals in Mesoamerica. Out of all neighboring civilizations the Aztecs held the largest human sacrifices and in recent times researchers have speculated about the causes of these mass sacrifices. They have come up with a number of reasons, though the most important three seem to be religious, political, and ecological. The Aztecs seemed to believe that sacrificing humans to the specific gods would bring them anything that they wanted, from a season of good rain, to a well-built temple, to a victory against an enemy. If things were not going the way they were planned it was often thought that the particular god was not pleased with the sacrifice so more would have to be made. For example when building the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan the Aztecs sacrificed more than eighty thousand prisoners, approximately ten per minute during the four day building process. Many of the sacrifices could have had more backing by political reasons though. In The Aztecs: New Perspectives Dirk R. Van Turenhout writes: Modern sc holars of Aztec religion are convinced that the frequency with which these sacrifices occurred had the additional aspect of propaganda (pg. 190). It is believed that the Kings would sacrifice as many people as possible to demonstrate their strength and influence as well as make sure that all of the servants obey. The Aztecs held a lot of land at their peak that was occupied by people who were not Aztec descendants so they had to be kept in line; the thousands of human sacrifices could have been the annual tributes that these villages each had to pay to stay protected by the Aztec empire. Not only did this have a strong effect on the people living in the civilization it could also have been an intimidation factor for the civilizations around. In his book, City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization, David Carrasco explains the role of the sacrifices in instilling fear in the surrounding populations; The ritual extravaganza was carried out with maximum theatrical tension, paraphernalia, and terror in order to amaze and intimidate the visiting dignitaries who returned to their kingdoms trembling with fear and convinced that cooperation and not rebellion was the best response to Aztec imperialism (pg. 75). Some even think that the numbers of sacrificed could be much lower than is believed and reported by the Aztecs because the number of deaths were inflated to scare their enemies. The Mayans were a very advanced civilization living on the Yucatan peninsula in Mesoamerica starting during the pre-classic period and reaching its peak between 250 and 900 AD. The Maya were a very progressive civilization for their time having creating a written language as well as mathematical and astrological systems. Unlike the Aztecs, the Mayan people were not as inclined to participate in human sacrifices, yet they often had blood rituals. The Mayans had a large number of religious festivals and rituals throughout their calendar year but as researchers have found none included the sacrifices of humans. The festivals based off of the calendar had a few animal sacrifices and most importantly all had some sort of bloodletting ceremony. These bloodletting rituals could be performed by practically anyone, such as a young boy or a servant male but for the large gatherings it would be the king or the priests preforming public bloodletting. In Handbook To Life In The Ancient Maya World Lynn Vasco Foster explains the importance of bloodletting in Maya culture: Despite the pain, the Maya elite carried out bloodletting rituals for a variety of purposes. They believed they could traverse cosmic boundaries in bloodletting rituals, and Maya rulers could contact deities and ancestors (pg 191). The bloodletting would be done by sticking a barbed rod through the tongue, ear, or foreskin and blood would be collected on a piece of parchment and then burned for the gods. The foreskin or the vagina was the most common places where blood would be taken from because of the great significance of these body parts. For obvious reasons the blood from these locations was considered to have fertile qualities and was used in ceremonies concerned with the plant life and the growing of crops. One of the most important reasons for bloodletting and any blood ritual was to see the Vision Serpent. The serpent was by far the most important social and religious symbol for the Mayans and the Vision Serpent was the most important of all serpents. Often the purpose of the bloodletting was to contact and communicate a deceased relative or a god. During a successful bloodletting the participants would see the Vision Serpent and out of its mouth would form the head of the god or ancestor they are contacting. The Vision Serpent was a direct link for the Mayan people from the physical world to the spiritual world. In Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Andrew Demarest mentions the importance of bloodletting in art: The importance of bloodletting is confirmed by archeological evidence, as well as iconographic representations and carved texts (pg 188). One of the most famous depictions of bloodletting from the Mayans is found on a limestone carving called Lintel 24 which was discovered in Yaxchilan by a British archeologist named Alfred Maudslay in 1882. This lintel depicts the ruler Shield Jaguar holding a torch while Lady Xoc pulls a rope with shards on it through her tongue to produce the vision serpent. The hieroglyphs state that the carving dates back to the 28th of October 709 and also give the names of the two represented. Depictions like these were popular in Mayan civilizations and adorned many tombs demonstrating the importance of these rituals. Though according to records the Mayan people rarely had human sacrifices during the calendar festivals, they may not have been as innocent as the Spanish conquistadors thought. During excavations of various pyramids and other influential sites bodies were found that told a very different story. The Mayans were a very aggressive civilization and often participated in war, even with other Mayan groups. When this would occur any prisoners that would be taken would usually be sacrificed in grandiose celebrations. In The Ancient Maya Sylvanus Griswold Morley explains the importance of these rituals: These sacrifices were apparently essential to the sanctifying of important rituals, such as the inauguration of a new ruler, the designation of a new heir to the throne, or the dedication of a new building (pg. 543). These sacrifices were a way to induct a new king or simply show how powerful and successful a current king was. Often after a king died, his son would not be allowed to rule until he brought back prisoners from an enemy tribe and sacrificed them. If during this escapade he would be murdered himself, that would be his fate and the next in line for the thrown would have to do what he failed to accomplish. While both the Aztecs and the Maya had very elaborate blood rituals, both were very different. The Mayans only used human sacrifice as a way to demonstrate that a King was worthy of ruling the city, otherwise for the most part human sacrifices were shunned. While the Aztecs would sacrifice thousands to ask the gods to help them construct a great pyramid the Mayan people chose to sacrifice animals instead. In comparison with the neighboring civilizations of the same magnitude the Mayan people can be considered to have had very mild blood rituals. Unlike the Mayan and Aztec decedents, the Kuna tribes of today still participate in the same, or at least very similar, blood rituals as they had before the Spanish invasion. The Kuna people live in villages in present day Panama and off of the coast on the San Blas Islands. A significant difference between the Kuna and most other Mesoamerican tribes and civilizations is the great emphasis that they put on women in their society. The Kuna are matriarchal and women are held as the ultimate symbol, participating in many tribal decisions and gatherings that would in most other cases be solely for males. Similarly, most ceremonies are centered around women and in a few of them blood plays a substantial role. The inna tunsikkalet ceremony is the second largest ceremony that revolves around Kuna women. This is a two day puberty ceremony which is this first in a series of coming of age rituals and is very similar to the inna suid rite, or the hair cutting ritual, that is held later once the girl is ready to be married. Unlike many other Kuna rituals, the inna tunsikkalet is a family and household event (280, The Art of Being Kuna). During this time the young girls are isolated from the rest of the community and are not allowed to touch the ground with their feet and have to be carried if they need to leave their room for whatever reason. During this ceremony it is believed by the Kuna that the young girls are getting rid of all of the bad in their bodies through this blood. They are expelling any evil spirits from their bodies through the flow of blood. A few months after the Kuna girls have been secluded from all others and have finished their first menstruation the girls family sponsors a collective drinking bout (280, The Art of Being Kuna) during which the girls are again isolated. This time they are put in a surba, or a small, rectangular, wooden enclosure where they are painted in a black dye from the genipa fruit. Alexander Moore writes that after they have com pleted their rite the pubescent girls, then, have emerged in this modern community as the paramount symbol of community life (276, The Art of Being Kuna). In comparison with the Maya and the Aztec the Kuna did not participate in any animal sacrifices nor did they see it necessary to sacrifice humans to appease the gods. The use of blood in their ceremonies was purely symbolic and was not forced out of the body in any way. Unlike the other people of Mesoamerica the Kuna did not see a need to feel pain or show penance during their blood rituals and in this way can be considered a more advanced and civilized tribe of their time. The differences between the Kuna and the other people of Mesoamerica can be attributed to the small communities that never fought, but also were never conquered. They never saw any gruesome battles or bloodshed and for the most part have been a peaceful tribe. For this reason many of their blood ceremonies and rituals are not as extreme as the Aztec or Mayan sacrifices. Yet blood was still an all important part of their lives, without it there would be no inna tunsikkalet, or puberty rite. Blood played an integral part in just about every civilization and tribe throughout Mesoamerican history. Though, this doesnt come as a surprise; blood ceremonies, in some way, have been a part of practically every single culture from the beginning of time until the present. From the enormous, public gladiator battles and executions in the Coliseum during time of the Roman Empire in the 70 AD to the symbolic drinking of Christs blood during the Eucharist under Christian theology in todays world, blood has and will always play an important role. While human sacrifices have long been gone from our world, some religions, such as the Santeria, still participate in animal sacrifices as a way of healing. One of the possible explanations for the importance of blood in so many different cultures and societies over such a long period of time is that blood is practically the same in just about everyone. Whether one was a Mayan king or a humble servant he still had blood that flowed in exactly the same way. Anyone who wanted could participate in these blood rituals and show their piety to the gods, even if it did not mean a public ceremony. Blood is also universal, every single person who has ever walked this earth had blood flow through their veins. For this reason it is safe to assume that most people were aware of it and for most it was something of a mystery, something that could mean the difference between life and death, something that could be worshipped. Whether it is for religious, cultural, or medical reasons, blood will always play a significant role in our lives. Blood is as important as air, water, or food, without it we would not survive.

The Deontological Views of Capital Punishment Through the Works of Kant

Capital Punishment has been used in the United States justice system for many years now, yet one must question whether or not it should be used at all. This paper will look at the Deontological views of capital punishment through the works of Kant’s categorical imperative. Arguments such as the unethical misuse of medical practice by physicians, who swear an oath to do everything in their power to save the lives of the people they care for, while using their expertise on an individual for an execution. Another argument that can be made would be the understanding just what the role of both race and religion may play in making this particular moral issue and question if individuals have a â€Å"right to life† and its effect on future execution rulings. Yet we must ask ourselves, can we still justify capital punishment being used today with the same moral standings of Kant’s Categorical Imperative? An alternative method for dealing with individuals rather than si mply killing them off, for it is also important to understand the views of whether the ethical practice made by medical physicians, the social attitudes and religious views of capital punishment, and a look into a person’s right to life should play a role in determining the ethical standings of continuing the use of capital punishment in the United States. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher in the late 1700s, developed what is now known as the categorical imperative which is an important system in determining the moral standings of important issues in regards with an individual’s intuition of moral law. Certain desires a person feels, such as revenge or hatred, are considered what he would call external forces (Wells-Quash, 2010) these external forces could lead individuals to ... ... alternative method for dealing with criminals that do heinous crimes and use a stable universal law (maxim) to what the categorical imperative intended for the good of everyone. Works Cited Bessler, J. D. (2002). America's Death Penalty: Just Another Form of Violence. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 82(1), 13. Black, L., & Fairbrother, H. (2008). The Ethics of the Elephant: Why Physician Participation in Executions Remains Unethical. American Journal Of Bioethics, 8(10), 59-61. Iftene, A., & PaÅŸca, N. (2011). RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS OF THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE. US-China Law Review, 8(6), 511-547. Wells, S., Quash.B (2010). Introducing Christian Ethics. Massachetts: John Wiley & Sons. (pp. 121-124). Young, R. L. (1992). Religious Orientation, Race and Support for the Death Penalty. Journal For The Scientific Study Of Religion, 31(1), 76.

Outliers Book Review

Francisco Ayala May 9, 2012 English 101 Outliers Malcolm Gladwell is a speaker, bestselling author, and Canadian journalist. He is a writer for the New Yorker since 1996. Gladwell has four New York Times bestseller books he has written. Among one of those books is Outliers: The story of success (2008). Outlier, a nonfiction book, had to do with social psychology. Outlier is about the success of people who do not fit into our normal understanding of achievement. Gladwell points out that many people could be giving the same opportunity but it all comes down to early opportunity and privileged social standing are what really makes an Outlier.Gladwell does a really good job on breaking down the story of success of some Outliers. He goes in detail in how some Canadian hockey players make it have it easier than others, how Bill Gates is who he is today and the genius Christopher Largan failure to become an Outlier. In Outliers, Gladwell wants to convince the reader that people don't just r ise from nothing to be successful. Success comes from parentage and patronage. It also comes down to when and where you grew up. First example Gladwell gives is explaining how some Canadian hockey players become better than others.Gladwell research shows there’s an uneven number of elite Canadian hockey players. Players that are born in the first few months, January, February and March, of the calendar are more likely to be successful than those born in the last month of the year. Statistics showed players born in January, February, and March are most likely to be in the hockey traveling team. The reason for this was because in Canada, the eligibility cut-off for age class hockey is January 1. Someone born in January 2 has bigger physical maturity than someone born in November.Those with bigger maturity get chosen to join the elite team. They get provided with better coaching, better teammates and more games than those who were left behind. It is why most likely they are able to make into professional leagues. I can relate to Gladwell research as I used to play in soccer leagues. The cut-off date was also January 1. I did notice a difference of physical maturity; I was born in April, than those born in the last three months. It was easy to outrun the shorter people and it was the shorter people who were always sitting on the bench.Another Outlier Gladwell uses as an example is Bill Gates. Young Bill Gates was a really good mathematician. Gates was headed to a highly intelligent, driven, and successful professional career. But what change his path into not only being successful in life but also making him a billionaire was Bill Gates was given a unique opportunity that no one was given to at that time. He had the privilege to be the only one to be able to use the High School computers as much as he wanted after school, even overnight. It is there where he practiced programming and achieved the 10,000 hour rule.The 10,000 hour rule is the require amount o f time a person must practice in order to succeed. Personally, I agreed with this 10,000 milestone as I know someone who put ton amount of hours in his profession. At the age of ten, a teammate of the soccer team I used to play in used to stayed an extra two hours playing soccer after soccer practice was over. Practice was three hours along. That was a total of five hours a day of playing soccer. This was his routine for at least five times a week for the next nine years. He passed the 10,000 hour rule by age eighteen.At age twenty, he got signed to professional soccer team New York Red Bulls. Gladwell also uses Christopher Largan as an example. Largan is considered by many the smartest man in America. He has an IQ of one-ninety five. With a higher IQ than Einstein, everyone automatically thinks he is going to be successful in life. Largan does not become an Outlier. One reason for that is Largan did not have anyone in his life. His mother was not there to support him. There was no opportunity for him to demonstrate his talent. Gladwell compares Lohan to Oppenheimer, the creator of the atomic bomb.Oppenheimer came from a wealthy neighborhood. His father was a business man. Oppenheimer had better opportunities to develop his intelligence than the opportunities Largan had. Largan came from a poor neighborhood and his mother was always working. Another difference between the two was Oppenheimer had practical intelligence and Largan didn’t. Practical Intelligence is â€Å"knowing what to say to whom, knowing when to say it, and knowing when to say it, and knowing how to say it for maximum effect (101). † Oppenheimer tried to poison one of his tutors.He was going to get kicked out of the University but he managed to get away with it because Oppenheimer had practical intelligence. Oppenheimer got these skills when he was child from his wealthy parents. He got away with attempting murder and just got sent to a psychiatrist in London. In the other hand L argan had to drop out of school because his mother didn't sign his financial scholarship on time, therefore he lost the scholarship. When he tried to talk to the dean, Largan wasn't able to convince the dean to let him keep his scholarship.Largan lack of practical intelligence he never got by his parents. It leaves me wondering what if Largan came from a wealthy neighborhood and his father was a business man. Would he have being bigger than Albert Einstein? What if Oppenheimer was raised in a poor neighborhood? He would’ve most likely end up in jail for trying to murder his tutor. Practical intelligence is something some persons have and should appreciate it. My brother always talks his way out of a ticket most of time when he gets pull over by police.On the other hand, I always get the ticket whenever I get pulled over by the police officer. I get very nervous and don’t know what to say while my brother always comes up with a unique excuse and they let him off the hoo k. Outliers has made me realize in order to be successful, one has to have luck on their side. I could be the smartest man in the world, but if I don’t have the proper background to succeed I won’t be able be successful. People who have being successful have had a unique opportunity in their life.Some of them were born at a time that was for their advantage. It makes me think if my birth year has any luck store for me in the future. I will recommend this book to people because it has some material in it that caught my attention. The 10,000 hour rule is what really got my attention. Seeing how The Beatles became successful after passing the 10,000 hours motivates me to put in hard work to what my goal is. What also caught my attention is how we have different perspective about school than what Asian think.Americans think if we go to school for a long time, we going to fatigue the brain and therefore not learn. That is the reason why we get a lot of vacation time. The As ian community makes their students go to school most of the year for at least eight hours. It is why they are mostly highly knowledgeable than most Americans. If people read what the Asians do in order to be highly intelligent, it could perhaps make them want to spend more time in school. Work Cited †¢ â€Å"Outliers (Malcolm Gladwell). † Weblog post. A Sea Change. 10 Feb. 2011. Web. 09 May 2012. .

Judicial Precedent Is Best Understood as a Practice

Judicial precedent means the process whereby judges follow previously decided cases where the fact are of sufficient similarity. The doctrine of judicial precedent is a practice of the court, it provides guidance to the judges when they apply case precedents. It also provides certainty, consistency and clarity in the application of precedents. The rule is that judges should decide like cases in like manner. It is a decision of the court used as a source for future decision making. This is known as stare decisis and by which precedents are authoritative and binding and must be followed. Doctrine of precedent or stare decisis, this item is from the latin phrase â€Å"stare decisis et non quieta movere†, means to stand by decisions and not disturb that which is settled. The doctrine of binding precedent based on stare decisis, that is standing by previous decisions. Once a point of law has been decided in a particular case, that law must applied in all future cases containing the same material facts. For example in the case of Donughue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562. The House of Lords held that a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the ultimate consumer of the product. This set a binding precedent which was followed in Grant v Knitting Mills (1936) AC 85. The ratio decidendi forms the legal principle which is a binding precedent meaning it must be followed in future case containing the same material facts. Besides, the obiter dicta is things stated in the course of a judgment which are not necessary for the decision. The decision of the judge may fall into two parts, the ratio decidendi means reason for the decision. The ratio decidendi in a case is the principle of law on which a decision is based. When a judge delivers judgment in a case he outlines the facts which he finds have been proved on the evidence. Then he applies the law to those facts and arrives at a decision, for which he gives the reason. Besides, obiter dictum means something said by the way. The judge may go on to speculate about what his decision would or might have been if the facts of the case had been different. The binding part of a judicial decision is the ratio decidendi. An obiter dictum is not binding in later cases because it was not strictly relevant to the matter in the original case. However, an obiter dictum may be of persuasive authority in later cases. For example, in the case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), the house of lords held that a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the consumer that products are safe because the circumstances prevented the consumer from discovering any defects. This is a ration decidendi and lord Atkin’s â€Å"neighbour test† was obiter. Where there is no existing precedent, the court will declare the law and the case will become an original precedent, example, in the case Airedale NHS Trust v Bland (1993) HL, where the courts were asked to decide if food and treatment could be lawfully withdrawn from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, and thus allowed to die. The concept of ratio decidendi tries to link the competing aims of the notion of rule of law, ie, the requirement of certainty in the application of law and flexibility in the development of law within the legal system. To identify the ratio in a case, Professor Goodhart (1931), set out a method of identifying the ratio decidendi as the ratio is derived from the application of the law to the facts that were treated as material by the judge in his decision and generalising them to make a principle. Besides that the principle of the case is found by taking account of the facts treated by the judge as material ; and his or her decision as based on them. The principle is therefore a formula, which the facts fit, and the facts provide a specific instance or example of the application of the principle. However, Professor Julius Stone (1959) argued that Goodhart’s theory was prescriptive rather than being descriptive of actual practice. In Stone’s analysis, the ratio of a case is part of a legal category of indeterminate reference or concealed multiple reference. The facts of a case precedent are able to be material under a wide range of fact descriptions, but any given decision was open to a succession of subsequent judicial reformulations of the prior decision. So, the question for the later court is the analogical relevance of the prior case holding to the later case, thus requiring the later court to choose between possibilities presented by the earlier case. This gives us a picture of radical indeterminacy . This is because the later courts appear to have great freedom in reinterpreting the actual ratio of the certain case. Stone’s approach is considered as a rather radical scepticism towards the concept of ratio. Consequence of the indeterminacy of the ratio is the difficulty in identifying the ratio of a case actually provides the English common law system the flexibility when case law is applied and its subsequent development through the courts. From Cross (1991) who argues â€Å"it is impossible to devise formulate for determining the ratio decidendi of a case†, but ‘this does not mean it is impossible to give a tolerably accurate description of what lawyers mean when they use the expression’. Consequently, courts have a great deal of choice in reformulating and interpreting law. In his work on legal reasoning , Neil MacCormick (1987) makes the point that often the ratio of a case can only be determined in light of what judges subsequently make of it. In conclusion, the discussion above have gone to establish that the doctrine of binding precedent is nothing more than a practice of the English judiciary. As a judicial practice, the doctrine provides a guide to judges on how case precedents are to be applied in courts. If the doctrine is avoided or not allowed, there are no legal sanctions or consequences. At worst, if there is a rampart ignoring of the doctrine by the courts, the outcome will be uncertainty and instability in the common law and its development.

Media – ‘Die Another Day’

In the making of the film Die Another Day the creators needed to produce a piece of work that would carry on appealing to many of the audience. They needed to create a film that would be entertaining for the younger generation as new followers of Bond films, while still keeping the same basic formula that had appealed to the older audience for many years. These films have been in the cinemas for forty years and are the longest running film series ever, so this shows the original class of Bond film must work very well. Today each time a Bond film comes out there are increasing box office receipts, partly due to the popularity of the Brosnan Bond films. Nevertheless, the producers thought that the twentieth Bond film needed a change. Either the film style needed changing or an extra dimension needed to be added. They decided to try to keep what they saw as the superior quality of the series of films but to attempt to add more dynamic action and dare-devil stunts to their winning formula. They felt a need to create more tension and excitement. Several special filming techniques help to create tension and excitement. For example a wide variety of shots make the audience feel that they have a good overall view of the ice-lake chase because the camera is constantly cutting, letting the audience know exactly what's happening from every angle. Cutting provides a vast variety of shots in a small space of time i. e. distance shots, rapidly followed by close up shots make the audience feel up-to-date and involved in what is happening. It gives fast-moving action by using close-up and distance shots, for example Zao's cool smirk as Bond's car overturns. Framing is skillfully used to provide the audience with a snap shot of a character's reaction. For example, when Bond's car is overturned we are shown a close up of Zao's smirking face. I think this successfully makes the audience feel involved. Framing is also used to emphasize Zao's disbelief as Bond manages to flip the car back over. By adding daredevil action and special effects the producers manage to create the extra tension particularly enjoyed by the fast-action-loving younger generation. One reason why the Bond films are so successful is because of the excitement and tension in the films even though everyone knows Bond will save the day, kill the baddy and save anyone else caught up in the action, including his lady friend. Even though we know the basis of what will happen in the film before it is premiered at the cinema, we still enjoy the films. I believe that one of the main reasons for this is the thrill of all the action in the Bond films and the original high class of Bond movies, which not only made the earlier films a success, but also continues to make their popularity grow.

Business Research Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Business Research Analysis - Essay Example However, due to an increase in the intensity of competition within the tourism industry, it is essential to look into the level of customer satisfaction. In order to carry out the same the study has used a questionnaire survey among the existing customers of the company. The questionnaire is described below in the appendix section of the project (Questionnaire Appendix 1.) PART I (b) Distribution Method and Associated Documents As mentioned above, the study intends to examine the level of customer satisfaction among the existing customers of the company. In order to do so, a questionnaire survey will be used by the company. However, only the development of questionnaire will not serve the purpose it needs to be distributed properly so as to ensure higher response rate. Presently the company has 3200 registered customers in the data base. Among the total numbers of customers around 20% i.e. 640 customers will be contacted by post. The remaining 80% of the customers will be approached via e-mail. The respondents will be sent an email with the attachment of the questionnaire. The customers will be asked to reply back with their responses. ... However, the SMS will not disclose the incentives to be provided but will notify about a guaranteed prize. The incentives to be offered to the customers for taking part in the survey will be flat 20% discount in the next trip. Furthermore 3 lucky respondents will get digital camera from the company, 10 lucky winners will get travel bags and 20 lucky respondents will win 8 GB memory stick. With such lucrative offers, it is expected that the company will be able to achieve at least 30% overall response. The coding plan as well as other supported documents such as consent form, confidentiality forms etc. that are to be sent to the customers are presented in the Appendix section of the study. PART I (c) Critical Evaluation of the Questionnaire Tours and Travel industry is one of the rapidly growing industries of the world. This is probably the only industry which is least impacted by the external business situation. Although, economic crisis and financial downturn reduces the growth rate of this industry, but it maintains a steady growth rate despite of several unwanted situations. According to reports, tourism is one of the major contributors to the national economy of a country. Due to the robust growth of travel and tourism industry, the level of job creation is growing at a robust pace accounting to one and half times faster than the other industries. It is one of the labour intensive industries of the world and employs around 200 million people worldwide. There are several forms of tourism namely sustainable tourism, eco tourism, pro-poor tourism, medical tourism, recession tourism, educational tourism, dart tourism, creative tourism, and doom tourism among others. This project intends to shed light on the

What historical events and issues impact contemporary political Essay

What historical events and issues impact contemporary political developments among Native Americans communities in North and South America - Essay Example The Native Americans were forced into ways of life that were common amongst those to the east. This new way of life changed the way Native Americans perceived the new comers and their experiences were not necessarily positive. Some specific historical events that impacted the Native Americans were the forcing of the Cherokee Indians to the west of North America. This event is also known as the trail of tears. â€Å"The trail of tears occurred in 1838†. (Monkeyshines 1999) This is called the trail of tears because the heartache endured by the Native Americans on their journey to the land they were forced to live in. Since the Native Americans were forced to live a way they were not accustomed to this has created a resistance that is seen to this day. â€Å"The Native Americans have trouble showing trust in political figures and this impacts any political advancement.†(Natives 2011) Historical events and issues amongst different types of peoples that consisted of negative events and issues are easily carried into modern day. These issues are carried amongst future generations and put a damper on developments. It is hard for the Native Americans to develop politically when they have so much heartache in their history. Brave Heart, Maria Yellow Horse, Josephine Chase, Jennifer Elkins, and Deborah B. Altschul. 2011. "Historical Trauma Among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: Concepts, Research, and Clinical Considerations." Journal Of Psychoactive Drugs 43, no. 4: 282-290. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 23,

Show how new product would be introduced into the market today Essay

Show how new product would be introduced into the market today - Essay Example Motives is a cosmetic company that controls a huge proportion of lipstick and mascara production in the American market. In this case, the product life cycle of the La La Mineral lipstick will be used as an illustration. Motivescosmetic has to highlight its key objectives and targets in the cosmetic industry. The new product has to be in line with the already established corporate strategies. This will require the company to come up with a precise and an all round mission statement. Since there is so much uncertainty in the market, this step will act like a guide to plunge into the market and face the future courageously. It is good to find out the potential customers. In this case, the lipstick that makes mouth fuller is will soot the female customers and those in the beauty industry. The company has to identify the expected perceptions in terms of value, quality and efficiency so that they can respond to inquiries. This kind of understanding prepares Motivescosmetic to position the lipstick product in the already congested market. In another perspective, the company has to make an analysis about its target market by grouping them into industries and geographical location among others. Having a great product does not guarantee success. Motivescosmetic has to conduct a keen analysis about the potential competitors and how they operate. This will include understanding how they carry out their positioning, handle their distribution channels and come up with pricing strategies. In addition, the company has to take a keen look at how customers respond to the competitors’ style of marketing. Positioning entails the ability to understand the uniqueness in the product and how it will stand out from the already existing products. It requires going beyond the normal anticipations and critically analyzing the perceptions likely

Infulence of particpation in strategic change; resistance, Annotated Bibliography

Infulence of particpation in strategic change; resistance, organization commitment and goal achievement - Annotated Bibliography Example The article examines how the right to reject a decision on resistance to change, change goal achievement, and post change commitment to the organization; and consultative participation are related. Lines, in testing his hypotheses, opted to include the option of rejecting a proposed change since may assist in capturing instances where organizations forego changes that they deem optimal because from the change recipient perspective, they are not acceptable. Additionally, Lines used a set of three variables that represented outcomes, which allowed for a comprehensive assessment of whether a strategy implementation is complete or not. He tries to establish whether the effects of participation are dependent on the context in which an approach is applied by focusing on the extent to which change is: compatible to organizational culture, expected to lead to less or more job variety, and expected to lower costs. The finding of the study indicated that existence of positive relationship between participation and organizational commitment and goal achievement. The findings showed that a strong negative relationship exists between participation and resistance to change and that the personal goals of recipients and the compatibility of changes with the culture of the organization moderated the effects of participation. I picked Mowday et al., (1979) because it offered a lot of insight with regards to the compatibility of change with the organizational culture and the recipients’’ acceptance of the values and beliefs of the organization. I also picked Porter et al, (1974) as an influential article because it offered more insight into assessing post change organizational commitment, and how it is affected by participation. The article by Hackman and Oldham (1975) was influential in the interpretation of the study’s results, especially with regards to

Is technology an invasion of privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is technology an invasion of privacy - Essay Example The development of science in equipping the authority with methods of spying is not expected to end with wiretapping. Brand eisprescient and haunting words evidently apply nowadays, as the mark between science fiction and science is incessantly redrawn. This paper will show how technology is an invasion of privacy. Contemporary technologies for amassing personal information that surpass the physical, freedom enhancing restrictions of the ancient means are relentlessly appearing. They prod more deeply, extensively and quietly than traditional techniques, transcending obstructions (whether distance, walls, darkness, time or skin) that historically sheltered personal data. The boundaries that have defined as well as given authenticity to social groups, systems and the individual are progressively permeable lacking special validity. The influence of private and governmental organizations to coerce disclosure (whether centered on circumstance, technology, or law) and to collect, analyze a nd disseminate personal data is growing swiftly(Lyon& Zureik 45).The world is converting into a transparent community of record in that documentation of the history, present identity, location, physiological and communication, and psychological behavior and states is more and more possible through technology, and people’s privacy is no longer private. With extrapolative DNA and profiles, there are even alleges to being able to see individual futures. Collection of information often ensues invisibly, remote and automatically-being fabricated into routine undertakings. Awareness and unpretentious approval on the involvement of the individual might be lacking. The extent of personal data collected is increasing. Fresh technologies hold the capacity to disclose the unknown, unseen, withheld or forgotten. Like the unconscious or the atom discovery, they reveal tads of reality, which were previously concealed, or did not encompass informational clues. Individuals are in a way turne d inside out (Foucault 23). To be living as well as a social individual is to give off inevitably signals of continuous information-whether into the mode of heat, motion, pressure, brain waves, cells, perspiration, olifacteurs, sound, garbage, or waste matter, and more acquainted forms, for instance, visible behavior and communication. These fragments are awarded new connotation by modern surveillance technologies, thereby invading peoples’ privacy. In a value-added, hotchpotch process, machines (regularly with only a slight aid from their support system) may discover significance in combining and surfacing heretofore futile data (Lyon& Zureik 45).The proportion of what persons know concerning themselves (or are able to know) vs. what experts and outsiders can know about them has budged away from the person. Data in varied forms from extensively separated geographical regions, establishments and times can be certainly merged and examined. In comparatively unrestrained fashion , fresh (and old) establishments are capturing, merging and vending this data, or placing it to unique internal usages (Laudon 90). Technology is an invasion of privacy through the fresh information technologies that encompasses larger issues concerning the multifaceted inter-relations of society and technology;